How does message acknowledgment work?

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In Google Cloud Pub/Sub, message acknowledgment is a crucial part

When a message is delivered to a subscriber, it must be acknowledged (acked) to inform Pub/Sub that the message has been successfully processed. If a message is not acknowledged within a certain time window (called the acknowledgment deadline, default is 10 seconds), Pub/Sub considers it undelivered and may redeliver it.

🔹 Pull Subscription

The subscriber client pulls the message using the API.

After processing, it explicitly calls the acknowledge() method.

If not acked in time, the message becomes available again for redelivery.

The client can also modify the ack deadline using modifyAckDeadline().

🔹 Push Subscription

Pub/Sub pushes the message to a subscriber's endpoint via an HTTP POST.

The subscriber must respond with an HTTP 200 OK to acknowledge

If the response is an error or times out, the message is retried

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